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psychology

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Abnormality

Abnormality has 4 different definitions: 1. Statistical Infrequency any behaviour that is statistically infrequent, so is not found in very few people 2. Deviation from Social Norm...

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Approaches

info Unfinished. Idiographic Approach This approach attempts to describe the nature of the individual. People are studied as unique entities, each with their own subjective experie...

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Asch's Study

Aim To investigate the extent social pressure from a majority group had on a person to conform. Procedure 123 American male undergraduates Tested in groups of: 5 confederates and 1...

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Asch's Variation Studies (Affecting Variables)

Asch performed additional variation studies used to discover certain factors affecting conformity, including: Group size Unanimity of Majority Difficulty of Task Group Size There i...

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Attachment

Attachment is an emotional bond between a caregiver and infant . It is a two way process that leads to endurance over time which results in certain behaviours such as clinging and...

psychologyattachments

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Bowlby's Monotropic Theory

Evolution Theory Evolution is the process whereby useful features/behaviours are introduced into a species Features/behaviours are useful if they help the animal survive long enoug...

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Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation

Deprivation to lose something. In the context of child development, deprivation refers to the loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary care giver. Bowlby's The...

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Brain Imaging

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI Works by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation that occur as a result of neural activity in specific areas of the brain When a...

psychologybiopsychology

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Characteristics of Mental Disorders

Each mental disorder is broken down into: emotional, behavioural and cognitive characteristics. Emotional: the emptions felt as a result of the disorder. Behavioural: how the disor...

psychologypsychopathologymental-disorders

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Circadian Rhythms

Siffre's Cave Study Siffre spent several extended periods underground to study the effects on his own biological rhythems He was deprived of exposure to natural light and sound, bu...

psychologybiopsychologyrhythms

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Conformity

Conformity is a change in behaviour or opinions due to real or imagined pressure from a person/group of people. Herbet Kelman 1958 claims that there are there are three different w...

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Cultural Bias

In 1992, 64% of the world's psychology researchers were American Psychology is male dominated Psychology is culturally biased typically the study of White Americans Universality an...

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Cultural Variations

Meta Analysis: Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 of 32 studies Strange Situation Aim To investigate the reported rates of different infant attachments across cultures and within...

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Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

Physical health is indicated by having correct body temperature, normal blood pressure, etc. Jahoda 1958 suggests that the same should be done for mental health, indicating that on...

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Deviation from Social Norms

Deviation from social norms considers anyone who behaves differently from social norms as being abnormal. Example: Politeness allows interpersonal relations to run smoothly, people...

psychologypsychopathologyabnormality

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DSM

DSM, also known as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , is a diagnostic manual used to diagnose mental disorders made by the American Psychiatric Association. It...

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Ethical Implications of Socially Sensitive Research

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Evaluating Asch's Study

Not all participants conformed when the majority gave unanimous answers Type: Limitation Not all participants conformed when the majority gave unanimous answers. 67% of participant...

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Evaluating Attachment

Research testing infants Meltzoff and Moore Type: Criticism reliability Infants' mouths are in constant motion and often stick their tongue out, yawn and smile. This may cause an i...

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Evaluating Bowlby's Monotropic Theory

Attachment may not be adaptive Type: Criticism One limitation is that attachment may not be adaptive Bowlby suggests that attachment has evolved as an innate system to give a survi...

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Evaluating Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation

Real world applications Type: Strength Enormous impact on post war thinking of childrearing and children in hospitals Prior, children were separated from parents when spending time...

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Evaluating Brain Imaging

fMRI Does not use radiation Risk free, non invasive, straightforward Produces images that have very high resolution, showing by the millimetre Expensive compared to tother neuroima...

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Evaluating Cognitive Interview

Research support for normative influence Type: Strength Study: Kohnken et al. 1999 Meta analysis of 53 studies. Found 34% average increase in the amount of correct information gene...

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Evaluating Conformity

Research support for normative influence Type: Strength Study: Linkenbach and Perkins 2003 Found adolescents exposed to the message 'the majority of their age peers don't smoke' we...

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Evaluating Cultural Bias

Individualism and Collectivism Type: Criticism Previously, psychologists have referred to Western cultures as individualist and Eastern as collectivist However, it could be argued...

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Evaluating Cultural Variations

Nation vs. Culture Type: Criticism The finding is based on countries not cultures Therefore the study lacks validity since there are different subcultures in each country The study...

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Evaluating Fight or Flight Response

The tend and befriend response Type: Limitation Study: Taylor et al. 2000 For females, behavioural responses to stress are more characterised by a pattern of tend and befriend than...

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Evaluating Free Will and Determinism

Real world Application Type: Strength Determinism can explain complex mental disorders such as schizophrenia Schizophrenia sufferers experience a complete loss over control of thei...

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Evaluating Harlow's Animal Study

Confounding variable Type: Criticism The type of head was different for each wired mother The type of head may have acted as another independent variable Therefore the monkeys may...

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Evaluating Influence of Early Attachments on Relationships

Research is correlational Type: Criticism Research is correlational rather than experimental Therefore cannot claim early attachment type causes relationship experiences later in l...

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Evaluating Localisation of function in the Brain

Missing a limitation Brain scan evidence Type: Strength Study: Peterson et al. 1988 Used brain scans to show activity in Wernicke's area during a listening task and in Broca's area...

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Evaluating Lorenz's Animal Study

Research support for imprinting Type: Strength Study: Guiton 1966 Chicks were exposed to rubber gloves for feeding them during their first few weeks, this led to the chicks imprint...

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Evaluating OCD - Biological Approach

Role of genetic factors is supported by family studies Type: Strength Study: Nestadt et al. 2000 Found people with family members with OCD had a 5x greater risk of having OCD thems...

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Evaluating Treating Depression - Cognitive Approach

Research support Type: Strength Study: Ellis 1957 Claimed 90% success rate for REBT Average of 27 sessions to complete However recognised that treatment was not always successful R...

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Evaluating Treating Depression - Cognitive Approach Models

Support for the role of irrational thinking Type: Limitation Study: Hammen and Krantz 1976 Found that depressed participants made more errors in logic when asked to interpret writt...

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Evaluating Treating OCD

Effective Type: Strength Study: Soomro et al. 2008 Found drugs were more effective than placebos in reducing symptoms However most studies in the meta analysis only lasted for thre...

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Evaluating Treating OCD

Keywords Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in several behaviours and physiological functions, including aggression, appetite, sleep, and mood regulation . GABA is a...

psychologypsychopathologymental-disorders

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Evaluation Treating Phobias: Behavioural Approach

Systematic Desensitisation Widely applicable Type: Strength Study: McGrath et al. 1990 Reported that 75% of patients with phobias responded More likely to be successful if patients...

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Explaining OCD - Biological Approach

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Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness testimonies are unreliable due to how prone they are to manipulation from various factors. Eyewitness someone who has observed and was present at the time of incident. E...

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Failure to Function Adequately

Failure to function adequately is the failure to cope with day to day living. Example: Unable to maintain basic levels of nutrition and hygiene. When Rosenhan & Seligman 1989 sugge...

psychologypsychopathologyabnormality

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Fight or Flight Response

Amygdala and Hypothalamus When an individual is faced with a threat, an area of the brain called the amygdala is mobilised The amygdala associates what we see, hear, smell, etc. wi...

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Free Will and Determinism

Free Will The idea that as human beings we are free to choose our thoughts and actions This does not deny the idea that there may be biological and environmental factors but says t...

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Genie - Feral Child

Genie was a feral child who was locked up in a basement by parents being mistreated to extreme lengths which led to irreversible damage.

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Harlow's Animal Study

Aims To demonstrate that mother love attachment was not based on the feeding bong between the mother and infant, but rather the contact comfort Procedure Harlow created two wire 'm...

psychologyattachmentsanimal-studies

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Influence of Early Attachments on Adult Relationships

Internal working model is a mental model providing individuals with expectations about their relationships. This is based on early relationships with the primary caregiver. Continu...

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Influence of Early Attachments on Child Relationships

The Minnesota child parent study found early continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social development. Individuals classified as securely attached in infancy were...

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Infradian Rhythms

The Menstrual Cycle Governed by monthly changes in hormone levels which regulate ovulation Cycle refers to the time between the first day of a woman's period to the day before her...

psychologybiopsychologyrhythms

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Introduction to Rhythms

Biological Rhythms All living organisms are subject to biological rhythms which influence how body systems behave. They are all governed by two factors: the body's internal biologi...

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Learning Theory

We are born as "blank slates" All we have at birth is the capacity to learn All behaviour is learned from the environment Focus of the approach: observable behaviour Classical Cond...

psychologyattachmentsexplanationlearning-theory

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Localisation of function in the Brain

Localisation: the theory that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular physical and psychological functions. Hemispheres The brain is split into two hemispheres:...

psychologybiopsychology

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Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Experiment 1 Participants: 45 students 5 groups of 9 Procedure: Shown 7 films of traffic accidents Given a questionnaire after each film, questioning the incident Critical question...

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Lorenz's Animal Study

Animals often imprint on who first they see, Lorenz ensured that he was the first thing that they saw for them to imprint on him, rather than the mother figure. Aims info To find t...

psychologyattachmentsanimal-studies

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Neurons

Neurons send electrical impulses as information. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons or from sensory receptors. The cell body is the control of the neuron. The axon carrie...

psychologybiopsychology

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Perspectives

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Romanian Orphan Studies

Institution a place dedicated to a particular task in which people live for a period of time. Context Began under communist rule of Nicolae Ceausescu, 1966. Tried to boost populati...

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Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Aims To investigate early attachments, in particular the age at which they developed, to whom and the emotional intensity Procedure 60 babies 31 male, 29 female from skilled workin...

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Social Influence

Deutsch & Gerrard 1955 argues that there are two reasons as to why people conform. This is known as the dual process model need, how, type . Informational Informational social infl...

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Statistical Infrequency

Statistical infrequency is any behaviour which is numerically uncommon and therefore not seen very often in society. Example: 95% of IQ scores in the general population are between...

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Synaptic Transmission

The transmission of chemical messages neuro transmitters across the gap of two synapses . This enables neurons to send each other signals. Excitatory Neurotransmitters i.e., adrena...

psychologybiopsychology

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The Endocrine System

System of glands throughout the body Secretes hormones into the bloodstream which are sent to target cells and organs Helps to regulate the activity of cells and organs in the body...

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The Nervous System

Types Central CNS Brain and spinal cord Receives and processes information from sensory receptors Spinal cord relays information between the brain and rest of the body Peripheral P...

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Treating Depression - Beck's Negative Triad (1967)

Arron Beck's Negative Triad outlined that individuals become depressed due to a biased thinking towards negative interpretations of the world. Negative Triad Negative Schema info U...

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Treating Depression - Cognitive Approach

Both Beck's Negative Triad and Ellis' ABC Model take the cognitive approach when treating depression. Treating Depression Ellis' ABC Model 1962 Treating Depression Beck's Negative...

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Treating Depression - Ellis' ABC Model (1962)

Albert Ellis proposed that the key to mental disorders such as depression lay in irrational beliefs Model A ctivating Event B elief may be rational or irrational 'The company was o...

psychologypsychopathologytreatmentdepression

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Treating Phobias: Behavioural Approach

The behavioural approach focuses around the idea that the phobia is due to classical conditioning and therefore training the human body to react differently to it by either gradual...

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Types of Attachments

Mary Ainsworth Bowlby was interested in attachment , Ainsworth was more interested in individual differences the different types of attachment an infant can form with their care gi...

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Yerkes and Dodson Law (1908)

A law to account for variation in habit formation based on the strength of stimuli used in conditioning paradigms. In relation to eyewitness testimony, this indicates the point of...

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Zimbardo's Study

info AO3 is not finished. Aim To investigate the extent people would conform to social roles. Procedure Setup a mock prison in the basement of the psychology department at Stanford...

psychologysocial-influenceconformitystudy