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1. Explain and analyse three ways in which judicial independence is upheld in the UK 1 The Judicial Appointments Commission JAC Example: The move from "Secret Soundings" to a forma...
1. European coal and steel community, 1951 2. 1957 treaty of rome, changed 1987 single europeean act 3. 1973 4. First past the post 5. a seat with a large majority for example boot...
| Case Name | Facts | Case Type | Outcome | | | | | | | A v Home Secretary Belmarsh Case | Foreign terror suspects were held in prison indefinitely without a trial. The denial of t...
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ✅ EEC European Economic Community ✅ Common market a group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with another, and a common tariff o...
1. ‘Devolution is a largely irrelevant process, with all significant powers still in the hands of Westminster.’ Analyse and evaluate this statement. 1 Westminster retains legal sov...
1. A party victory with a big majority 1997 Tony Blair Labour 2024 Margaret Thatcher 1983 2. 2010 Conservatives & Lib Dems 3. Strength simple system, consistently produces strong g...
1. Provide an example in which the UK constitution has proved to be flexible Dunblane Shooting Firearms Act 1968 aka. the "Hand Gun Act" Correct 2. Think of one reason, above all o...
Human Rights Protection Point: Extract 1 argues that human rights are not properly protected under the UK’s uncodified constitution , whereas Extract 2 argues that rights are alrea...
1. Three principles: parliamentary sovereignty, rule of law, unitary state 2. Five sources: authoritative works, common law precedent/royal prerogative , statue law, conventions 3....
Extract 1 was written by Sinonaidh Douglas Scott, a law professor, for the Constitution Unit in 2020. Her perspective is pro codification because she believes the UK's uncodified s...
| Word | Definition | | | | | Asymmetry | Shape, inequality, imbalance in relation to politics, an imbalance of powers or representation | | Unitary | Singular, one | | Devolution...
William IV 1832 Reform Act redistributing parliamentary seats from "rotten boroughs" to new industrial cities Demonstrated the power of the House of Commons House of Lords was bloc...
INFO Different format might be better to work with? I didn't provide any explicit example cases. NOTE Potentially useful case: Birmingham City Pay Dispute Gender discrimination, co...
| Question | Point | Type | Description | | | | | | | Explain and analyse three features of cabinet government | Collective Ministerial Responsibility | Example | Theresa May’s Cab...
An establishment is an organisation founded for either a a religious, b educational, c professional, or d social purpose. Courts Schools Trade Unions Parliament House of Commons Ho...
Watch the clip from John Major and take a few notes on Thatcher's downfall Margaret Thatcher’s downfall is often misrepresented and oversimplified The poll tax was the primary fact...
The UK government has a persistent culture of avoiding formal scrutiny, leading to repeated policy failures." How far do you agree? I completely agree with this Iraq War Tony Blair...
1. ?, ? 2. The Poll Tax the Poll Tax aka. "community charge", Duke and dustman example was a policy by Margaret Thatcher was intended to replace the pre existing housing tax based...
Question: 'Backbench MPs have few ways to influence the government.' Analyse and evaluate this statement. | Agree Limited power/influence | Disagree Significant power/influence | |...
Parliamentary sovereignty Act of settlement 1701 is an example of this Dictates the line of heir Acts of parliament examples Act of settlement 1701 Representation of the people act...
%% 13/18 = A 11/18 = A 9/18 = B 7/18 = ~C 5/18 = D %% | Reform | Details | Evaluation successful? | | | | | | The Human Rights | Enshrined most provisions from the European Convent...
Statute law Acts of Parliament Law that has been passed by Parliament and written into Acts of Parliament . It is legally binding and must be followed by courts. Common law precede...
Poll Tax Poll tax as a Margaret Thatcher policy which would benefit the rich and negatively impact the poor. It would replace property tax, which was based on size, with a flat rat...
Authoritative works Books written by constitutional experts, e.g., Waller Bagshot or Erskine May Authoritative works are not legally binding, they are not enforceable, they serve a...
| Poll Tax 1990 | | Iraq 2003 | | | | | | Differences | Similarities | Differences | | Resulted in riots | Poorly received by the public | Only large protests | | Led to Margaret T...
Bicameral means two chambers. | Word | Definition | Date Added | | | | | | Authoritative works | Books written by respected judges or academics that are used to clarify and explain...
Similarities between Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher: strong beliefs pushed for them both won 3 general elections large majorities centre right politics characteristic? Similariti...
Special Advisor SpAd political advisors Cabinet Secretary apolitical, serves all If a minister cannot do their job, they will resign If a minister violates the ministerial code, th...
House of Lords ‘The House of Lords performs some important functions in government and does not require radical reform.’ Analyse and evaluate this statement. | Paragraph | Point |...
Evidence the UK has become more of a multiparty system Decline in two party vote share Conservative + Labour vote share in 2024 = ~57% Lowest since 1922 42% of voters chose parties...
Notes Introduction The report opens by identifying the House of Lords HoL as a powerful but unelected second chamber, whose legitimacy has been questioned increasingly. It highligh...
1. Revise the legislative process The legislative process is the same in both the House of Commons and Lords. Once it has gone through one house, it is sent to the other. Especiall...
| Term | Definition | | | | | Accountability | Government and MPs must explain and justify their actions and can be held responsible by Parliament and the public. | | Adversarial |...
Parties/Systems and Examples Mainstream Party Conservative, Labour Niche Party Scottish National Party Single Issue Party UKIP, previously Reform, previously Green Dominant Party S...
Question 1 Question: 'Media support is crucial for achieving success in general elections.' Analyse and evaluate this statement. | Paragraph | Point | Explain and Example | Analysi...
| Category | Key Findings | | | | | Age | Under 30: ~8% voted Conservative 50 59: 34% voted Labour 60 69: 28% Labour 70+: 46% Conservative Labour vote stable in under 50s 41 46% Me...
| Word | Definition | Date Added | | | | | | Apathy | Lack of interest or enthusiasm in politics or voting. | 05/10/2025 | | By election | An election held in a single constituency...
Notes for videos prior homework, due 22/09/2025 Video 1 Video 2 Government position Prime Minister David Cameron supported remaining in the EU Argued EU membership was beneficial f...
Key: European Union Devolution Election | Referendum | Topic | Result | Turnout | | | | | | | 1973 Northern Ireland | Remain in UK or join Ireland | Remain in UK | 58.7% low due to...
| For | Evidence | Against | Evidence | | | | | | | Turnout was historically low | Only 52.8% of the voting age population voted in 2024 – the lowest since universal suffrage | A m...
Voter turnout decline Fallen gradually globally since the 1960s Peaked in 1992 at 77.7% Lowest in 2001 at 59.4% Has remained below 70% since 1997 Voting demographic Younger people,...
General elections votes every 5 years, the electoral Universal Suffrage Votes are Treated Equally FPTP first past the post system 650 seats divided upon an approximately equal elec...
For Compulsory voting will lead to higher participation Voters will educate themselves Voter turnout will increase Will improve legitimacy as the result is representative of the el...
| Question | Point | Type | Description | | | | | | | 1. Explain and analyse three ways in which UK political parties select their leaders June 2022 | MP nomination thresholds | Ex...
| For | Against private funding donations or membership | | | | | Wrong to ask parties to be funded by those that disagree with them | State funding makes party members less import...
Extract 1 Point: A central argument in Extract 1 is that the UK’s uncodified constitution is no longer fit for purpose because it fails to adequately safeguard individual liberties...
Judicial Review Where a citizen or organisation takes government to court.
Scottish independence could Britain break up? Scotland exports about 60% of its goods to the rest of the UK, showing how economically connected they are. Some people argue Scotland...
Asymmetrical devolution devolution where devolved states are not given the same rights District/city council a council within a council which represents a smaller geographical area...
NOTICE This was written with the assistance of AI. Writing Introduction The extracts debate whether ... Extract 1 argues that ... In contrast, Extract 2 argues that ... Paragraph O...
Introduction Codified/uncodified Lack of clarity 1. Clarity vs. Flexibility Extract 1 Argument: Lack of clarity has "exacerbated recent political crises," specifically citing the u...