Article

Introduction

Tuesday, 21 April 2026

What to expect

  • ‘Big’ questions
    • For example, “What are ideas?”, “What is a political ideology?”
  • Historic + large explanations

What are ideas?

Ideas are mental representations, thoughts, concepts, or images formed in the mind as a result of cognitive activity, observation, or imagination.

Type: mental representation (thought, concept, or image) Why: cognitive activity, observation, or imagination

What is a political ideology?

The main purpose of this section of the course is to provide students with a sound, ideological framework for their parallel studies of government and politics in the UK and USA, consistent with the synoptic aims of the specification.

  • AQA

Features

  • Critique of existing order
  • Vision of future society
  • Theory of political change

Venn Diagram What makes an ideology

Fundamental Ideologies

  • LSI - Liberalism and Nationalism
  • NRE - Socialism and Conservatism

For each ideology, it holds important differences different:

  • View of human nature
  • View of society
  • View of the state
  • View of economy
  • Internal differences

Various Ideologies

’Classical’ Ideologies’New’ Ideologies
LiberalismFeminism
ConservatismGreen ideology
SocialismMulticultural
NationalismFundamentalism
AnarchismPopulism
FacismPostcolonialism

Linear Spectrum

Linear Spectrum

Suggests that the left and right are the two poles of politics.

Horseshoe Spectrum

Horseshoe Spectrum

Suggests that once an ideology reaches an extreme, they ‘loop around’ to the next extreme.